◀Table of Contents

GraalVM Insight

• Get Started
• Polyglot Tracing
• Inspecting Values
• What to Read Next

GraalVM Insight is a multipurpose, flexible tool that traces program runtime behavior and gathers insights.

The dynamic nature of the tool helps users to selectively apply tracing pointcuts on already running applications with no loss of performance. GraalVM Insight also provides detailed access to runtime behavior of a program, allowing users to inspect values and types at invocation or allocation sites. The tool further permits users to modify computed values, interrupt execution, and quickly experiment with behavioral changes without modifying the application code. The implementation details of the tool can be found in the API specification.

This page provides information on GraalVM Insight as of the 20.1 version. To learn about Insight on versions 20.0 and 19.3, proceed here.

Get Started

1. Create a simple source-tracing.js script with the following content:

   insight.on('source', function(ev) {
    print(`Loading ${ev.characters.length} characters from ${ev.name}`);
   });
   

2. Having set JAVA_HOME to the GraalVM home directory, start the node launcher with the --insight tool and observe what scripts are being loaded and evaluated:

   $JAVA_HOME/bin/node --insight=source-tracing.js --js.print -e "print('The result: ' + 6 * 7)" | tail -n 10
   Loading 215 characters from internal/modules/esm/transform_source.js
   Loading 12107 characters from internal/modules/esm/translators.js
   Loading 1756 characters from internal/modules/esm/create_dynamic_module.js
   Loading 12930 characters from internal/vm/module.js
   Loading 2710 characters from internal/modules/run_main.js
   Loading 308 characters from module.js
   Loading 10844 characters from internal/source_map/source_map.js
   Loading 170 characters from [eval]-wrapper
   Loading 29 characters from [eval]
   The result: 42
   

   The source-tracing.js script used the provided insight object to attach a source listener to the runtime. Whenever the script was loaded, the listener got notified of it and could take an action – printing the length and name of the processed script.

The Insight information can be collected to a print statement or a histogram. The following function-hotness-tracing.js script counts all method invocations and dumps the most frequent ones when the execution of a program is over:

var map = new Map();

function dumpHotness() {
    print("==== Hotness Top 10 ====");
    var digits = 3;
    Array.from(map.entries()).sort((one, two) => two[1] - one[1]).forEach(function (entry) {
        var number = entry[1].toString();
        if (number.length >= digits) {
            digits = number.length;
        } else {
            number = Array(digits - number.length + 1).join(' ') + number;
        }
        if (number > 10) print(`${number} calls to ${entry[0]}`);
    });
    print("========================");
}

insight.on('enter', function(ev) {
    var cnt = map.get(ev.name);
    if (cnt) {
        cnt = cnt + 1;
    } else {
        cnt = 1;
    }
    map.set(ev.name, cnt);
}, {
    roots: true
});

insight.on('close', dumpHotness);

The map is a global variable shared inside of the Insight script that allows the code to share data between the insight.on('enter') function and the dumpHotness function. The latter is executed when the node process execution is over (registered via insight.on('close', dumpHotness). A table with names and counts of function invocations is printed out when the node process exits.

Invoke it as:

$JAVA_HOME/bin/node --insight=function-hotness-tracing.js --js.print -e "print('The result: ' + 6 * 7)"
The result: 42
==== Hotness Top 10 ====
543 calls to isPosixPathSeparator
211 calls to E
211 calls to makeNodeErrorWithCode
205 calls to NativeModule
198 calls to uncurryThis
154 calls to :=>
147 calls to nativeModuleRequire
145 calls to NativeModule.compile
 55 calls to internalBinding
 53 calls to :anonymous
 49 calls to :program
 37 calls to getOptionValue
 24 calls to copyProps
 18 calls to validateString
 13 calls to copyPrototype
 13 calls to hideStackFrames
 13 calls to addReadOnlyProcessAlias
========================

Polyglot Tracing

The previous examples were written in JavaScript, but due to GraalVM’s polyglot nature, you can take the same instrument and use it in a program written in, e.g., the Ruby language.

1. Create the source-trace.js file:

   insight.on('source', function(ev) {
   if (ev.uri.indexOf('gems') === -1) {
     let n = ev.uri.substring(ev.uri.lastIndexOf('/') + 1);
     print('JavaScript instrument observed load of ' + n);
   }
   });
   

2. Prepare the helloworld.rb Ruby file:

   puts 'Hello from GraalVM Ruby!'
   

3. Apply the JavaScript instrument to the Ruby program:

   $JAVA_HOME/bin/ruby --jvm --polyglot --insight=source-trace.js helloworld.rb
   JavaScript instrument observed load of helloworld.rb
   Hello from GraalVM Ruby!
   

   It is necessary to start the Ruby launcher with the --polyglot parameter, as the source-tracing.js script remains written in JavaScript.

A user can instrument any language on top of GraalVM, but also the Insight scripts can be written in any of the GraalVM supported languages (implemented with the Truffle language implementation framework).

1. Create the source-tracing.rb Ruby file:

   puts "Ruby: Initializing GraalVM Insight script"
   insight.on('source', ->(ev) {
    name = ev[:name]
    puts "Ruby: observed loading of #{name}"
   })
   puts 'Ruby: Hooks are ready!'
   

2. Launch a Node.js application and instrument it with the Ruby script:

   $JAVA_HOME/bin/node --jvm  --polyglot --insight=source-tracing.rb --js.print -e "print('With Ruby: ' + 6 * 7)" | grep Ruby
   Ruby: Initializing GraalVM Insight script
   Ruby: Hooks are ready!
   Ruby: observed loading of internal/per_context/primordials.js
   Ruby: observed loading of internal/per_context/setup.js
   Ruby: observed loading of internal/per_context/domexception.js
   ....
   Ruby: observed loading of internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
   Ruby: observed loading of vm.js
   Ruby: observed loading of fs.js
   Ruby: observed loading of internal/fs/utils.js
   Ruby: observed loading of [eval]-wrapper
   Ruby: observed loading of [eval]
   With Ruby: 42
   

Inspecting Values

GraalVM Insight not only allows one to trace where the program execution is happening, it also offers access to values of local variables and function arguments during program execution. You can, for example, write an instrument that shows the value of argument n in the function fib:

insight.on('enter', function(ctx, frame) {
   print('fib for ' + frame.n);
}, {
   roots: true,
   rootNameFilter: (name) => 'fib' === name
});

This instrument uses the second function argument, frame, to get access to values of local variables inside every instrumented function. The above script also uses rootNameFilter to apply its hook only to the function named fib:

function fib(n) {
  if (n < 1) return 0;
  if (n < 2) return 1;
  else return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
}
print("Two is the result " + fib(3));

When the instrument is stored in a fib-trace.js file and the actual code is in fib.js, invoking the following command yields detailed information about the program execution and parameters passed between function invocations:

$JAVA_HOME/bin/node --insight=fib-trace.js --js.print fib.js
fib for 3
fib for 2
fib for 1
fib for 0
fib for 1
Two is the result 2

What to Read Next

Insight Deep Dive

Any moderately skilled developer can easily create own so called “hooks” and dynamically apply them to the actual programs. That provides ultimate insights into execution and behavior of one’s application without compromising the execution speed.

To continue learning and deep dive into GraalVM Insight, proceed to the Insight Manual which starts with an obligatory HelloWorld example and then demonstrates more challenging tasks.

Embeddeding GraalVM Insight into Applications

GraalVM languages (languages implemented with the Truffle framework) can be embedded into custom applications via Polyglot Context API. GraalVM Insight can also be controlled via the same API.

Read the embedding documentation to learn how to integrate GraalVM Insight capabilities into applications in a secure way.

Tracing with GraalVM Insight

GraalVM Insight dynamically adds tracing capabilities into existing code. Write your application as normally and apply Open Telemetry traces dynamicall when needed. Read more about Insight and Jaeger integration in a dedicated guide.

API Specification

If you are interested in the implementation details, check the API specification. There you will find the information on the insight object properties, functions, etc.